Survey Service

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The line of intersection of a level surface with the ground surface is known as the contour line or simply the contour. It can also be defined as a line passing through points of equal reduced le
The vertical distance between any two consecutive contours is known as a contour interval. Suppose a map includes contour lines of 100 m, 98 m, 96m, and so on. The contour interval here is 2 m. This interval depends upon: (i) the nature of the ground (i.e. whether flat of steep), (ii) the scale of the map, and (iii) the purpose of the survey.
Contour intervals for flat country are generally small, e.g.0.25 m, 0.50 m, 0.75 m, etc. The contour interval for a steep slope in a hilly area is generally greater, e.g. 5 m, 10 m, 15 m, etc.
Again, for a small-scale map, the interval may be of 1 m, 2 m, 3 m, etc, and for large scale map, it may be of 0.25 m, 0.50 m, 0.75 m, etc.
It should be remembered that the contour interval for a particular map is constant
The horizontal distance between any two consecutive contours is known as horizontal equivalent. It is not constant. It varies according to the steepness of the ground.
For steep slopes, the contour lines run close together, and for flatter slopes they are widely
The general map of a country includes the locations of roads, railways, rivers, villages, towns, and so on. But the nature of the ground surface cannot be realized, from such a map.
However, for all engineering projects involving roads, railways, and so on, a knowledge of the nature of ground surface is required for locating suitable alignments and estimating the volume of earth work.
Therefore, the contour map is essential for all engineering projects. This why contour maps are prepared.

A contour may be defined as a line of intersection of a level surface with the surface of the ground. This means every point on the contour line has the same altitude as that of the assumed intersecting surface.

The process of tracing contour lines on the surface of earth is called contouring. A contour map gives the idea of the altitudes of the surface features as well as their relative positions in a plan.

Uses of Contour Maps

• The following are the specific uses of the contour map:
• The nature of the ground surface of a country can be understood by studying a contour map. Hence, the possible route of communication between different places can be demarcated.
• A suitable, site or an economical alignment can be selected for any engineering project.
• The capacity of a reservoir or the area of a catchment can be approximately computed.
• The indivisibility or otherwise of different points can be established.
• A suitable route for a given gradient can be marked on the map.
• A section of the ground surface can be drawn in any direction from the contour map.
• Quantities of earth work can be approximately comput

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Route Survey-

The term route survey refers to surveys necessary for the location and construction of lines of transportation or communication that continue across country for some distance, such as highways, railroads, open-conduit systems, pipelines, and power lines. Generally, the preliminary survey for this work takes the form of a topographic survey. In the final stage, the work may consist of the following:

• Locating the center line, usually marked by stakes at 100-ft intervals called stations.
• Determining elevations along and across the center line for plotting profile and cross sections.
• Computing the volumes of earthwork and preparing a mass diagramLocating right-of-way boundaries, as well as staking out fence lines, if necessary.
• Locating the center line, usually marked by stakes at 100-ft intervals called stations.Determining elevations along and across the center line for plotting profile and cross sections.Computing the volumes of earthwork and preparing a mass diagramLocating right-of-way boundaries, as well as staking out fence lines, if necessary.

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Land Survey-

Land Surveys (sometimes called cadastral or property surveys) are conducted to establish the exact location, boundaries, or subdivision of a tract of land in any specified area. This type of survey requires professional registration in all states. Presently, land surveys generally consist of the following chores:

• Establishing markers or monuments to define and thereby preserve the boundaries of land belonging to a private concern, a corporation, or the government
• Rerunning old land survey lines to deter- mine their lengths and directions. As a result of the high cost of land, old lines are remeasured to get more precise measurements
• Calculating areas, distances, and directions and preparing the land map to portray the survey data so that it can be used as a permanent record.
• Writing a technical description for deeds.

Service Details:

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Aimed at prosperous growth in this domain, we are instrumental in offering an excellent quality range of Leveling Survey Service.


Object-

The aim of leveling is to determine the relative heights of different objects on or below the surface of the earth and to determine the undulation of the ground surface.

Uses of Leveling Survey-
Leveling is done for the following purposes:
To prepare a contour map for fixing sites for reservoirs, dams, barrages, etc., and to fix the alignment of roads, railways, irrigation canals, and so on.To determine the altitudes of different important points on a hill or to know the reduced levels of different points on or below the surface of the earth.To prepare a longitudinal section and cross-sections of a project (roads, railways, irrigation canals, etc) in order to determine the volume of earth work.To prepare a layout map for water supply, sanitary or drainage schemes.
DEFINITIONSLeveling is done for the following purposes:

• Levelling The art of determining the relative heights of different points on or below the surface of the earth is known as leveling. Thus, leveling deals with measurements in the vertical plane.
• Level surface Any surface parallel to the mean spheroidal surface of the earth is said to be a level surface. Such a surface is obviously curved. The water surface of a still lake is also considered to be a level surface.
• Level line Any line lying on a level surface is called a level line. This line is normal to the plumb line (direction of gravity) at all points
• Horizontal plane Any plane tangential to the level surface at any point is known as the horizontal plane. It is perpendicular to the plumb line which indicates the direction of gravity
• Horizontal line Any line lying on the horizontal plane is said to be a horizontal line. It is a straight line tangential to the level line
• Vertical line The direction indicated by a plumb line (the direction of gravity) is known as the vertical line. This line is perpendicular to the horizontal line
• Vertical plane Any plane passing through the vertical line is known as the vertical plane.
• Datum surface or line This is an imaginary level surface or level line from which the vertical distances of different points (above or below this line) are measured. In India the datum adopted for the Great Trigonometrically Survey (GTS) is the mean sea level (MSL) at Karachi.
• Reduced level (RL) The vertical distance of a point above or below the datum line is known as the reduced level (RL) of that point. The RL of a point may be positive or negative according as the point is above or below the datum.
• Line of collimation It is an imaginary line passing through the intersection of the cross-hairs at the diaphragm and the optical centre of the object glass and its continuation. It is also known as the line of sight.
• Axis of the telescope This axis is an imaginary line passing through the optical centre of the object glass and the optical centre of the eye-piece.
• Axis of bubble tube It is an imaginary line tangential to the longitudinal curve of the bubble tube at its middle point

Bench-marks (BM) These are fixed points or marks of known RL determined with reference to the datum line. These are very important marks. They serve as reference points for finding the RL of new points or for conducting leveling operations in projects involving roads, railways, etc.Bench-marks may be of four types: (a) GTS, (b) Permanent, (c) temporary, and (d) arbitrary.(a) GTS Bench-marks These bench-marks are established by the survey of India Department at a large intervals all over the country.The values of reduced levels, the relevant positions and the number of bench-marks are given in a catalogue published by this department

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Justification of Constructing New LineWhen the question of constructing a new railway line between some places arises due to public demand or some other reason, an intensive study is carried out as regards viability of the project.

• The following points should be kept in mind while considering the justification of constructing a new line
• Total population of the villages, towns, industrial places, etc, coming –under the project, should be recorded.
• The standard of living and habits of the population, and the economic conditions of the locality, should be thoroughly studied as it will be a source of revenue for the department.
• The amount of agricultural, natural and industrial resources should be recorded.
• Information regarding religious places, religious fairs of festivals, business centers, etc. should be noted.
• The amount of revenue that may accrue from passengers, agricultural goods, industrial goods, natural resources, etc. should be estimated.
• A topographical map should be studied to determine the number of culverts, bridges, level crossings, tunnels, etc.
• An agricultural map should also be studied so that too much valuable land is not affected.
• A contour map should be studied in order to ensure economical alignment, avoiding unnecessary cutting or filling and maintaining a permissible gradient.
• An Industrial map should be studied to find the shortest route to connect industrial areas.

Marking of Tentative Alignment-

After the decision to set up a new railway line is taken, tentative alignments of alignments are marked on the contour map and topographical map for the area concerned. While marking the tentative alignment, the following points should be kept in mind:

• The route should be the shortest possible.
• As far as possible, it should follow the ridge line to avoid unnecessary earth work in filling.
• It should cross rivers perpendicularly.
• It should not pass through religious places, such as temples, mosques, churches etc. or burial grounds, burning ghats, and so on.
• The route should not pass through the centres of villages, towns, valuable structures, etc. where the compensation payable is likely to be more.
• It should not be too zigzag, so that the number of curves is minimized.
• It should not cross large depressions or valleys, high summits or ridge lines, to avoid huge earth fillings in areas of depression and tunneling in regions including summits.
• The tentative alignments of two routes should be marked for comparing costs of construction, feasibility, advantages, etc.
• Along the tentative alignments. The survey should be conducted for collecting the following data:

The magnetic bearings of the lines of the alignment are measured by prismatic compass, and the distances are measured by pacing (i.e stepping) and noted in a field book.Approximate positions of different objects and the nature of the ground are noted in the field book, for a strip of land covering above 100 m on both sides of the alignment,A soil survey should be conducted along the alignmentBoring should be done along the alignment to know the nature of the water table.The slope or undulation of the ground should be determined by Abney level or hand level.The number of crossing points, like roads, rivers, canals, etc. should be noted. Detailed information regarding these points should be recorded, so that it is possible to design suitable structures to cross them.The number of curves and difficulties in curve setting , if any, should be clearly noted.

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We are successfully engaged in providing a wide gamut of Township Survey Service. 


A project on township or city surveying involves proper coordination of all types of development work necessary for the township or city. It entails implementation of the following systems:
Street systemProperty linesWater supply systemSanitary systemElectrification systemTelephone systemIn the case of a newly developing township or the modification of one in existence for some time, a plan for development should be clearly worked out so that the facilities provided in the master plan may be suitably extended.
A project survey for the township should be conducted in order to prepare maps in respect of the following:

• Topography
• Street survey
• Property demarcation
• Water supply
• Sanitary system
• Electrification system
• Telephone system

The procedure for preparing these maps is described later. All the surveys are conducted by the development authority of the city or town, in coordination with concerned departments like the Roads Department, Municipality or Corporation, Electric Supply Department, Telephone Department, etc.
Instruments Required for Conducting City SurveyThe following instruments are required for conducting a city survey

• Total station with stand
• Levelling instrument with stand
• Levelling staff
• Metallic tape
• Invar tape

Preparation of Topographic MapThe entire area is divided into a number of sectors, each of which is enclosed by a polygon. The polygons are connected by common sides. They are treated as closed traverse and the traversing is done by total station. The interior details are located by plane table or the transit-and tape-method. These details include houses, roads, lakes, parks, railway lines, stations etc.
Fly leveling is undertaken to establish the RLs of important points and benchmarks. Contouring is done by plane table or tacheometer. The nature of the ground surface is indicated in relief (i.e. colouring, shading, hachuring, etc.) in the map.Finally, all the sectors are assembled in one map so that the township area or city area.

City Survey Service is one of many different types of surveying. Surveying is the profession or work of examining and recording the area and features of a piece of land to construct a map, plan, or detailed description of it.

Pipeline Survey Service is the method of assessing the existing condition of sewer collection and water distribution pipelines that run underneath a city. A pipeline can estimate the extent of damage and deterioration of a pipeline, and asses any need for repair, replacement or rehabilitation.

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Our Control Survey Service provides the foundational geospatial framework necessary for all types of land development, infrastructure, and construction projects. 

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