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Contour Survey.
The line of intersection of a level surface with the ground surface is known as the contour line or simply the contour. It can also be defined as a line passing through points of equal reduced le
The vertical distance between any two consecutive contours is known as a contour interval. Suppose a map includes contour lines of 100 m, 98 m, 96m, and so on. The contour interval here is 2 m. This interval depends upon: (i) the nature of the ground (i.e. whether flat of steep), (ii) the scale of the map, and (iii) the purpose of the survey.
Contour intervals for flat country are generally small, e.g.0.25 m, 0.50 m, 0.75 m, etc. The contour interval for a steep slope in a hilly area is generally greater, e.g. 5 m, 10 m, 15 m, etc.
Again, for a small-scale map, the interval may be of 1 m, 2 m, 3 m, etc, and for large scale map, it may be of 0.25 m, 0.50 m, 0.75 m, etc.
It should be remembered that the contour interval for a particular map is constant
The horizontal distance between any two consecutive contours is known as horizontal equivalent. It is not constant. It varies according to the steepness of the ground.
For steep slopes, the contour lines run close together, and for flatter slopes they are widely
The general map of a country includes the locations of roads, railways, rivers, villages, towns, and so on. But the nature of the ground surface cannot be realized, from such a map.
However, for all engineering projects involving roads, railways, and so on, a knowledge of the nature of ground surface is required for locating suitable alignments and estimating the volume of earth work.
Therefore, the contour map is essential for all engineering projects. This why contour maps are prepared.
A contour may be defined as a line of intersection of a level surface with the surface of the ground. This means every point on the contour line has the same altitude as that of the assumed intersecting surface.
The process of tracing contour lines on the surface of earth is called contouring. A contour map gives the idea of the altitudes of the surface features as well as their relative positions in a plan.
Uses of Contour Maps
- The following are the specific uses of the contour map:
- The nature of the ground surface of a country can be understood by studying a contour map. Hence, the possible route of communication between different places can be demarcated.
- A suitable, site or an economical alignment can be selected for any engineering project.
- The capacity of a reservoir or the area of a catchment can be approximately computed.
- The indivisibility or otherwise of different points can be established.
- A suitable route for a given gradient can be marked on the map.
- A section of the ground surface can be drawn in any direction from the contour map.
- Quantities of earth work can be approximately comput
